解决 Spring Data JPA 找不到列名问题

2025-03-08 20:58:35

解决 "Unable to find column position by name" 问题

碰上 "Unable to find column position by name: xxx [The column name xxx was not found in this ResultSet.]" 错误，看着就头疼。别急，咱们来一步步解决它。

问题出在哪？

问题说白了就是：你的 Java 代码试图从数据库查询结果里拿一个不存在的字段。虽然你觉得你的 Entity 映射是对的，你的查询语句也只选择了需要的列，但 Spring Data JPA 在把查询结果转换成 compras 对象的时候，还是会去尝试获取 Entity 里定义的所有字段，结果就报错了。就算你不取某些字段, 也是要面对这个问题的.

怎么解决？

几种方法，总有一款适合你:

1. DTO (Data Transfer Object) 大法

原理: DTO 就是一个简单的 Java 类，专门用来存放你要的数据。它只包含你查询语句里真正需要的字段，跟你的数据库表结构没必要完全一样。
好处: 干净利落，避免了不必要的字段映射。而且，如果你以后查询需求变了，只需要修改 DTO 就行，不用动你的 Entity。

怎么做:

创建一个 DTO 类：

//ComprasDTO.java
public class ComprasDTO {
    private Long id;
    private Date fechaEmision;
    private String numeroSerie;
    private String numeroCorrelativo;
    private BigDecimal valor;
     private BigDecimal igv; // Assuming IGV exists
    private BigDecimal icbp;
    private BigDecimal isc;
    private BigDecimal otrosCargos;
   // 添加对应的 getter 和 setter
  public ComprasDTO(Long id, Date fechaEmision, String numeroSerie, String numeroCorrelativo, BigDecimal valor, BigDecimal igv, BigDecimal icbp, BigDecimal isc, BigDecimal otrosCargos) {
this.id = id;
this.fechaEmision = fechaEmision;
this.numeroSerie = numeroSerie;
this.numeroCorrelativo = numeroCorrelativo;
this.valor = valor;
this.igv = igv;
this.icbp = icbp;
this.isc = isc;
this.otrosCargos = otrosCargos;

}

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public Date getFechaEmision() {
        return fechaEmision;
    }

    public void setFechaEmision(Date fechaEmision) {
        this.fechaEmision = fechaEmision;
    }

    public String getNumeroSerie() {
        return numeroSerie;
    }

    public void setNumeroSerie(String numeroSerie) {
        this.numeroSerie = numeroSerie;
    }

    public String getNumeroCorrelativo() {
        return numeroCorrelativo;
    }

    public void setNumeroCorrelativo(String numeroCorrelativo) {
        this.numeroCorrelativo = numeroCorrelativo;
    }

    public BigDecimal getValor() {
        return valor;
    }

    public void setValor(BigDecimal valor) {
        this.valor = valor;
    }

    public BigDecimal getIcbp() {
        return icbp;
    }
    public void setIcbp(BigDecimal icbp)
{ this.icbp =icbp;}

  public BigDecimal getIgv() {
    return igv;
}

 public void setIgv(BigDecimal igv) {
   this.igv = igv;
}

  public BigDecimal getIsc() {
       return isc;
}

public void setIsc(BigDecimal isc) {
  this.isc = isc;
 }

public BigDecimal getOtrosCargos() {
  return otrosCargos;
}
    public void  setOtrosCargos(BigDecimal otrosCargos){
        this.otrosCargos = otrosCargos;
    }

}
```

修改你的 Repository：

public interface ComprasRepo extends JpaRepository<compras, Long> {
    List<compras> findAllByEntityId(int entityId);

    @Query(value = "SELECT id,fecha_emision AS FechaEmision, numero_serie AS NumeroSerie, numero_correlativo AS NumeroCorreltivo, valor AS Valor, igv as IGV, icbp AS ICBP, isc AS ISC, otros_cargos AS OtrosCargos FROM acc._8 WHERE entity_id = :entity AND periodo_tributario = :periodo", nativeQuery = true)
    List<ComprasDTO> TablaPersonal(@Param("entity") Long entityId, @Param("periodo") Integer periodo);
}

修改测试类

  @SpringBootTest
  class DataWarehouseApplicationTests {
      @Autowired
      private ComprasRepo comprasRepo;
     @Test
     void contextLoads() {

         List<ComprasDTO> resultado=comprasRepo.TablaPersonal(1L, 202201);
          for (ComprasDTO record : resultado){
             System.out.println(record.getFechaEmision()); //打印以测试
             };
       }
    }

进阶
使用构造函数表达式: 你可以稍微改造一下你的 @Query, 让 JPA 直接帮你把结果映射到 DTO:

     @Query(value = "SELECT new com.yourpackage.ComprasDTO(c.id,c.fechaEmision, c.numeroSerie, c.numeroCorrelativo, c.valor, c.igv, c.icbp, c.isc, c.otrosCargos) FROM compras c WHERE c.entityId = :entity AND c.periodoTributario = :periodo") // 这里不是 native query
        List<ComprasDTO> TablaPersonal(@Param("entity") Long entityId, @Param("periodo") Integer periodo);

注意, 这里使用的不是native Query

2. 使用 `@SqlResultSetMapping` 和 `ConstructorResult`

原理: 这种方式允许你自定义查询结果和 Java 对象之间的映射关系。你需要告诉 JPA 怎么把每一列的数据对应到你的对象的哪个字段。

怎么做:

在你的 compras Entity 类里定义映射：

  @Entity
  @Table(name = "_8", schema = "acc")
  @AllArgsConstructor
  @NoArgsConstructor
  @Getter
  @Setter
   @SqlResultSetMapping(
       name = "ComprasMapping",
       classes = @ConstructorResult(
        targetClass = ComprasDTO.class,
           columns = {
          @ColumnResult(name = "id", type = Long.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "FechaEmision", type = Date.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "NumeroSerie", type = String.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "NumeroCorreltivo", type = String.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "Valor", type = BigDecimal.class),
           @ColumnResult(name = "IGV", type = BigDecimal.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "ICBP", type = BigDecimal.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "ISC", type = BigDecimal.class),
          @ColumnResult(name = "OtrosCargos", type = BigDecimal.class)
}))

 public class compras {
   // ... 你的 Entity 代码 ...
 }

修改Repository

public interface ComprasRepo extends JpaRepository<compras, Long> {

    List<compras> findAllByEntityId(int entityId);
   @Query(value = "SELECT id,fecha_emision AS FechaEmision, numero_serie AS NumeroSerie, numero_correlativo AS NumeroCorreltivo, valor AS Valor, igv as IGV, icbp AS ICBP, isc AS ISC, otros_cargos AS OtrosCargos FROM acc._8 WHERE entity_id = :entity AND periodo_tributario = :periodo",
     nativeQuery = true, name= "ComprasMapping")
   List<ComprasDTO> TablaPersonal(@Param("entity") Long entityId, @Param("periodo") Integer periodo);
   }

测试代码和DTO代码，同方法1一样。

额外说明： 这种方法稍微复杂一点，但如果你的映射关系比较特殊，或者你需要更细粒度的控制，它就很有用了。

3. 使用`@NamedNativeQuery` (类似方法2,但配置位置不同).

在 Entity 中增加定义:
```java

@Entity
@Table(name = "_8", schema = "acc")
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@Getter
@Setter
@NamedNativeQuery(name = "compras.TablaPersonal",
query = "SELECT id,fecha_emision AS FechaEmision, numero_serie AS NumeroSerie, numero_correlativo AS NumeroCorreltivo, valor AS Valor, igv as IGV, icbp AS ICBP, isc AS ISC, otros_cargos AS OtrosCargos FROM acc._8 WHERE entity_id = :entity AND periodo_tributario = :periodo",
resultSetMapping = "ComprasMapping")

@SqlResultSetMapping(
name = "ComprasMapping",
classes = @ConstructorResult(
targetClass = ComprasDTO.class,
columns = {
@ColumnResult(name = "id", type = Long.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "FechaEmision", type = Date.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "NumeroSerie", type = String.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "NumeroCorreltivo", type = String.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "Valor", type = BigDecimal.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "IGV", type = BigDecimal.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "ICBP", type = BigDecimal.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "ISC", type = BigDecimal.class),
@ColumnResult(name = "OtrosCargos", type = BigDecimal.class)
}))
public class compras {
//...
}

```
2. 修改 Repository 接口,使用`compras.TablaPersonal`做关联:

```java
  public interface ComprasRepo extends JpaRepository<compras, Long> {

      List<compras> findAllByEntityId(int entityId);
    @Query(nativeQuery = true) // 注意,这里不需要 value 了.
    List<ComprasDTO> TablaPersonal(@Param("entity") Long entityId, @Param("periodo") Integer periodo);

  }
```